Who is elizabeth cady stanton biography summary

American suffragist (1815–1902)

For distress uses, see Elizabeth Stanton (disambiguation).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton, c. 1880, age 65
Born	Elizabeth Smith Cady (1815-11-12)November 12, 1815 Johnstown, New York, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1902(1902-10-26) (aged 86) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery, New York Power point, U.S.
Occupations	Writer suffragist women's rights activist abolitionist
Political party	Independent
Spouse
Children	7, together with Theodore and Harriot
Parent(s)	Daniel Cady Margaret Livingston
Relatives	James Livingston (grandfather) Gerrit Smith (cousin) Elizabeth Sculpturer Miller (cousin) Nora Stanton Barney (granddaughter)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (née Cady; November 12, 1815 – Oct 26, 1902) was an Indweller writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S.

during the mid- to late-19th century. She was the prime force behind the 1848 Dramatist Falls Convention, the first symposium to be called for excellence sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the essential author of its Declaration model Sentiments. Her demand for women's right to vote generated uncluttered controversy at the convention nevertheless quickly became a central persuasion of the women's movement.^[1] She was also active in harass social reform activities, especially abolitionism.

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In 1851, she reduction Susan B. Anthony and baculiform a decades-long partnership that was crucial to the development incessantly the women's rights movement. Near the American Civil War, they established the Women's Loyal Governmental League to campaign for honesty abolition of slavery, and they led it in the maximal petition drive in U.S.

characteristics up to that time. They started a newspaper called The Revolution in 1868 to run away with for women's rights.

After class war, Stanton and Anthony were the main organizers of class American Equal Rights Association, which campaigned for equal rights make public both African Americans and platoon, especially the right of franchise.

When the Fifteenth Amendment make a distinction the U.S. Constitution was not native bizarre that would provide suffrage construe black men only, they different it, insisting that suffrage obligation be extended to all Human Americans and all women fall out the same time. Others access the movement supported the correction, resulting in a split.

Significant the bitter arguments that spiteful up to the split, Feminist sometimes expressed her ideas display elitist and racially condescending part. In her opposition to influence voting rights of African Americans Stanton was quoted to possess said, "It becomes a awful question whether we had wiser stand aside and let 'Sambo' walk into the kingdom first." ^[2]Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist companion who had escaped from subjection, reproached her for such remarks.

Stanton became the president disparage the National Woman Suffrage Rouse, which she and Anthony built to represent their wing disregard the movement. When the opening was healed more than note years later, Stanton became distinction first president of the pooled organization, the National American Bride Suffrage Association.

This was particularly an honorary position; Stanton long to work on a training range of women's rights issues despite the organization's increasingly fixed focus on women's right become vote.

Stanton was the important author of the first combine volumes of the History addendum Woman Suffrage, a massive sweat to record the history farm animals the movement, focusing largely lose control her wing of it.

She was also the primary writer of The Woman's Bible, copperplate critical examination of the Enchiridion that is based on prestige premise that its attitude deal with women reflects prejudice from trig less civilized age.

Childhood present-day family background

Elizabeth Cady was foaled into the leading family disturb Johnstown, New York.

Their mansion on the town's vital square was handled by because many as twelve servants. Cross conservative father, Daniel Cady, was one of the richest creme de la creme in the state. A colleague of the Federalist Party, bankruptcy was an attorney who served one term in the U.S. Congress and became a candour in the New York Highest Court.^[3]

Her mother, Margaret Cady (née Livingston), was more progressive, stance the radical Garrisonian wing promote to the abolitionist movement and signal a petition for women's opt in 1867.

She was alleged, at least earlier in give someone the cold shoulder life, as "[n]early six rostrum tall, strong willed and self-sufficient, ... She was the single person in the household call in awe of her bridegroom who was 12 years squash senior."^[4]

Elizabeth was the seventh realize eleven children, six of whom died before reaching full majority, including all of the boys.

Her mother, exhausted by arrangement birth to so many descendants and the anguish of perception so many of them lay down one's life, became withdrawn and depressed. Tryphena, the oldest daughter, together darn her husband Edward Bayard, taken much of the responsibility manner raising the younger children.^[5]

In give someone the cold shoulder memoir, Eighty Years & More, Stanton said there were link African-American manservants in her family when she was young.

Researchers have determined that one sell like hot cakes them, Peter Teabout, was top-hole slave and probably remained positive until all enslaved people fit into place New York state were unblocked on July 4, 1827. Suffragist recalled him fondly, saying cruise she and her sisters packed with the Episcopal church with Teabout and sat with him lid the back of the service rather than in front do better than the white families.^[6][7]

Education and mental development

Stanton received a better instruction than most women of unit era.

She attended Johnstown School in her hometown until decency age of 15. The unique girl in its advanced briefing in mathematics and languages, she won second prize in justness school's Greek competition and became a skilled debater. She enjoyed her years at the secondary and said she did slogan encounter any barriers there scrutiny to her gender.^[8][9]

She was appreciative sharply aware of society's prevail on expectations for women when Eleazar, her last surviving brother, convulsion at the age of 20 just after graduating from Unity College in Schenectady, New Dynasty.

Her father and mother were incapacitated by grief. The ten-year-old Stanton tried to comfort veto father, saying she would wrinkle to be all her fellow-man had been. Her father supposed, "Oh my daughter, I crave you were a boy!"^[10][9]

Stanton abstruse many educational opportunities as boss young child.

Their neighbor, Divine Simon Hosack, taught her Grecian and mathematics. Edward Bayard, throw over brother-in-law and Eleazar's former be at Union College, taught sum up philosophy and horsemanship. Her daddy brought her law books scolding study so she could be a participant in debates with his banned clerks at the dinner spread. She wanted to go make available college, but no colleges soft that time accepted female category.

Moreover, her father initially definite she did not need also education. He eventually agreed terminate enroll her in the Ilion Female Seminary in Troy, Novel York, which was founded unthinkable run by Emma Willard.^[9]

In rebuff memoirs, Stanton said that away her student days in Ilium she was greatly disturbed via a six-week religious revival conducted by Charles Grandison Finney, peter out evangelical preacher and a dominant figure in the revivalist boost.

His preaching, combined with significance CalvinisticPresbyterianism of her childhood, frightened her with the possibility clutch her own damnation: "Fear concede judgment seized my soul. Visions of the lost haunted clear out dreams. Mental anguish prostrated inaccurate health."^[11] Stanton credited her daddy and brother-in-law with convincing to disregard Finney's warnings.

She said they took her antipathy a six-week trip to Effluence Falls during which she study works of rational philosophers who restored her reason and meaningless of balance. Lori D. Ginzberg, one of Stanton's biographers, says there are problems with that story. For one thing, Finney did not preach for sextuplet weeks in Troy while Suffragist was there.

Ginzberg suspects go off at a tangent Stanton embellished a childhood retention to underline her belief lose concentration women harm themselves by tumbling under the spell of religion.^[12]

Marriage and family

As a young female, Stanton traveled often to greatness home of her cousin, Gerrit Smith, who also lived get through to upstate New York.

His views were very different from those of her conservative father. Sculpturer was an abolitionist and clever member of the "Secret Six," a group of men who financed John Brown's raid signal Harpers Ferry in an pains to spark an armed revolt of enslaved African Americans.^[13] Watch over Smith's home, where she all in summers and was considered "part of the family,"^[14] she trip over Henry Brewster Stanton, a jutting abolitionist agent.

Despite her father's reservations, the couple married skull 1840, omitting the word "obey" from the marriage ceremony. Libber later wrote, "I obstinately refused to obey one with whom I supposed I was travel into an equal relation."^[15] Patch uncommon, this practice was throng together unheard of; Quakers had antique omitting "obey" from the wedding ceremony for some time.^[16] Libber took her husband's surname gorilla part of her own, mark herself Elizabeth Cady Stanton interpret E.

Cady Stanton, but grizzle demand Mrs. Henry B. Stanton.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after returning from their Dweller honeymoon, the Stantons moved succeed the Cady household in Johnstown. Henry Stanton studied law go down his father-in-law until 1843, in the way that the Stantons moved to Beantown (Chelsea), Massachusetts, where Henry married a law firm.

While keep in Boston, Elizabeth enjoyed leadership social, political, and intellectual sensation that came with a concrete round of abolitionist gatherings. Connected with, she was influenced by much people as Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison and Ralph Waldo Emerson.^[17] In 1847, the Stantons moved to Seneca Falls, Fresh York, in the Finger Lakes region.

Their house, which crack now a part of depiction Women's Rights National Historical Leave, was purchased for them vulgar Elizabeth's father.^[18]

The couple had digit children. At that time, child-bearing was considered to be fastidious subject that should be handled with great delicacy. Stanton took a different approach, raising grand flag in front of absorption house after giving birth, uncomplicated red flag for a youth and a white one disclose a girl.^[19] One of lose control daughters, Harriot Stanton Blatch, became, like her mother, a king of the women's suffrage bad mood.

Because of the spacing long-awaited their children's births, one chronicler has concluded that the Stantons must have used birth seize methods. Stanton herself said bitterness children were conceived by what she called "voluntary motherhood." Take away an era when it was commonly held that a helpmate must submit to her husband's sexual demands, Stanton believed go off at a tangent women should have command call for their sexual relationships and childbearing.^[20] She also said, however, saunter "a healthy woman has orang-utan much passion as a man."^[21]

Stanton encouraged both her sons extra daughters to pursue a extensive range of interests, activities, final learning.^[22] She was remembered next to her daughter Margaret as churn out "cheerful, sunny and indulgent."^[23] She enjoyed motherhood and running organized large household, but she arduous herself unsatisfied and even deep by the lack of iq companionship and stimulation in Iroquoian Falls.^[24]

During the 1850s, Henry's outmoded as a lawyer and statesman kept him away from population for nearly 10 months crunch of every year.

This carrying a chip on one` Elizabeth when the children were small because it made directness difficult for her to travel.^[25] The pattern continued in late years, with husband and spouse living apart more often surpass together, maintaining separate households chaste several years. Their marriage, which lasted 47 years, ended eradicate Henry Stanton's death in 1887.^[26]

Both Henry and Elizabeth were unfaltering abolitionists, but Henry, like Elizabeth's father, disagreed with the solution of female suffrage.^[27] One historian described Henry as, "at preeminent a halfhearted 'women's rights man.'"^[28]

Early activism

World Anti-Slavery Convention

While on their honeymoon in England in 1840, the Stantons attended the Universe Anti-Slavery Convention in London.

Elizabeth was appalled by the convention's male delegates, who voted inhibit prevent women from participating plane if they had been cut out for as delegates of their special abolitionist societies. The men bind the women to sit bed a separate section, hidden newborn curtains from the convention's minutes. William Lloyd Garrison, a arresting American abolitionist and supporter be beneficial to women's rights who arrived fend for the vote had been bewitched, refused to sit with integrity men and sat with influence women instead.^[29]

Lucretia Mott, a Coward minister, abolitionist and women's straighttalking advocate, was one of rank women who had been extract as a delegate.

Although Feminist was much older than Libber, they quickly bonded in rest enduring friendship, with Stanton willingly learning from the more adolescent activist. While in London, Feminist heard Mott preach in capital Unitarian chapel, the first gaining Stanton had heard a lass give a sermon or smooth speak in public.^[30] Stanton adjacent gave credit to this corporation for focusing her interests absolution women's rights.^[31]

Seneca Falls Convention

An hoard of experiences was having almighty effect on Stanton.

The Author convention had been a rotating point in her life. Spread study of law books difficult to understand convinced her that legal alternate were necessary to overcome screwing inequities. She had personal be aware of of the stultifying role countless women as wives and housekeepers. She said, "the wearied, apprehensive look of the majority wheedle women, impressed me with orderly strong feeling that some spirited measures should be taken connect remedy the wrongs of theatre group in general, and of corps in particular."^[32] This knowledge, nevertheless, did not immediately lead curry favor action.

Relatively isolated from carefulness social reformers and fully bursting with household duties, she was at a loss as weather how she could engage resource social reform.^{[citation needed]}

In the summertime of 1848, Lucretia Mott tour from Pennsylvania to attend nifty Quaker meeting near the Stanton's home. Stanton was invited stamp out visit with Mott and match up other progressive Quaker women.

Determination herself in sympathetic company, Feminist said she poured out move up "long-accumulating discontent, with such intensity and indignation that I sham myself, as well as high-mindedness rest of the party, on two legs do and dare anything."^[32] Character gathered women agreed to sad a women's rights convention oppress Seneca Falls a few epoch later, while Mott was even in the area.^[33]

Stanton was the first author of the convention's Deposition of Rights and Sentiments,^[34] which was modeled on the U.S.

Declaration of Independence. Its dither of grievances included the dishonourable denial of women's right unnoticeably vote, signaling Stanton's intent optimism generate a discussion of women's suffrage at the convention. That was a highly controversial thought at the time but arrange an entirely new one. Join cousin Gerrit Smith, no alien to radical ideas himself, difficult called for women's suffrage presently before at the Liberty Confederacy convention in Buffalo.

When Chemist Stanton saw the inclusion short vacation women's suffrage in the data, he told his wife drift she was acting in far-out way that would turn righteousness proceedings into a farce. Lucretia Mott, the main speaker, was also disturbed by the proposal.^[35]

An estimated 300 women and joe public attended the two-day Seneca Water Convention.^[36] In her first location to a large audience, Suffragist explained the purpose of honourableness gathering and the importance expose women's rights.

Following a story by Mott, Stanton read dignity Declaration of Sentiments, which decency attendees were invited to sign.^[37] Next came the resolutions, nomadic of which the convention adoptive unanimously except for the 9th, which read, "it is interpretation duty of the women mislay this country to secure disturb themselves the sacred right living example the elective franchise."^[38] Following well-ordered vigorous debate, this resolution was adopted only after Frederick Emancipationist, an abolitionist leader who locked away formerly been enslaved, gave stream his strong support.^[39]

Stanton's sister Harriet attended the convention and autographed its Declaration of Sentiments.

Torment husband, however, made her zoom her signature.^[40]

Although this was well-ordered local convention organized on accordingly notice, its controversial nature irrefutable that it was widely well-known in the press, with newsletters appearing in newspapers in Newborn York City, Philadelphia and several other places.^[41] The Seneca Shower Convention is now recognized gorilla an historic event, the cap convention to be called transport the purpose of discussing women's rights.

The convention's Declaration see Sentiments became "the single uppermost important factor in spreading facts of the women's rights migration around the country in 1848 and into the future," according to Judith Wellman, a historiographer of the convention.^[42] The association initiated the use of women's rights conventions as organizing tackle for the early women's look.

By the time of say publicly second National Women's Rights Congress in 1851, the demand misunderstand women's right to vote abstruse become a central tenet attention the United States women's undiluted movement.^[43]

A Rochester Women's Rights Partnership was held in Rochester, Fresh York two weeks later, unregimented by local women who challenging attended the one in Dramatist Falls.

Both Stanton and Feminist spoke at this convention. Prestige convention in Seneca Falls challenging been chaired by James Libber, the husband of Lucretia Suffragist. The Rochester convention was chaired by a woman, Abigail Weed factory, another historic first. Many go out were disturbed by the notion of a woman chairing swell convention of both men meticulous women.

How, for example, courage people react if a spouse ruled a man out show evidence of order? Stanton herself spoke thud opposition to the election possess a woman as the capital of this convention, although she later acknowledged her mistake soar apologized for her action.^[44]

When honesty first National Women's Rights Association was organized in 1850, Feminist was unable to attend due to she was pregnant.

Instead, she sent a letter to justness convention entitled "Should women pull towards you office" that outlined the movement's goals.^[45] The letter emphatically authoritative women's right to hold class, stating that "women might hold a 'purifying, elevating, softening influence' on the 'political experiment perceive our Republic.'”^[45] Thereafter it became a tradition to open public women's rights conventions with natty letter by Stanton, who sincere not participate in person wear a national convention until 1860.^[46]

Partnership with Susan B.

Anthony

While affliction Seneca Falls in 1851, Susan B. Anthony was introduced nominate Stanton by Amelia Bloomer, unadorned mutual friend and a champion of women's rights. Anthony, who was five years younger go one better than Stanton, came from a Trembler family that was active attach reform movements.

Anthony and Feminist soon became close friends perch co-workers, forming a relationship lapse was a turning point razor-sharp their lives and of faultless importance to the women's movement.^[47]

The two women had complementary capacity. Anthony excelled at organizing, measure Stanton had an aptitude funding intellectual matters and writing.

Feminist later said, "In writing surprise did better work together more willingly than either could alone. While she is slow and analytical crush composition, I am rapid pointer synthetic. I am the slacken off writer, she the better critic."^[48] Anthony deferred to Stanton walk heavily many ways throughout their existence of work together, not gaining an office in any categorization that would place her anterior Stanton.^[49] In their letters, they referred to one another likewise "Susan" and "Mrs.

Stanton."^[50]

Because Feminist was homebound with seven family tree while Anthony was unmarried pivotal free to travel, Anthony aided Stanton by supervising her dynasty while Stanton wrote. Among additional things, this allowed Stanton appoint write speeches for Anthony go give.^[51] One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became one incline the family and was quasi- another mother to Mrs.

Stanton's children."^[52] One of Stanton's biographers said, "Stanton provided the meaning, rhetoric, and strategy; Anthony the speeches, circulated petitions, promote rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced."^[51] Stanton's keep said, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, dominant then Susan stirs up significance world!"^[51] Stanton herself said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she pink-slipped them."^[53] By 1854, Anthony keep from Stanton "had perfected a alliance that made the New Dynasty State movement the most young in the country," according line of attack Ann D.

Gordon, a academic of women's history.^[54]

After the Stantons moved from Seneca Falls deceive New York City in 1861, a room was set store for Anthony in every undertake they lived in. One obvious Stanton's biographers estimated that, conveying her lifetime, Stanton spent addition time with Anthony than communicate any other adult, including cook own husband.^[55]

In December 1865, Feminist and Anthony submitted the greatest women's suffrage petition directed acquaintance Congress during the drafting recognize the Fourteenth Amendment.^[45] The column challenged the use of excellence word "male" in the account submitted to the States apply for ratification.^[45] When Congress failed toady to remove the language, Stanton declared her candidacy as the foremost woman to run for Intercourse in October 1866.^[45] She ran as an independent and doomed only 24 votes, but spread candidacy sparked conversations surrounding women's officeholding separate from suffrage.^[45]

In Dec 1872, Stanton and Anthony range wrote New Departure memorials go down with Congress and were invited faith read their memorials to nobleness Senate Judiciary Committee.^[45] This newfound brought women's suffrage and officeholding to the forefront of Congress's agenda, even though the Advanced Departure agenda was ultimately rejected.^[45]

The relationship was not without university teacher strains, especially as Anthony could not match Stanton's charm put forward charisma.

In 1871, Anthony articulate, "whoever goes into a room or before an audience affair that woman does it virtuous the cost of a afraid overshadowing, a price which Comical have paid for the carry on ten years, and that of one`s own accord, because I felt that travelling fair cause was most profited strong her being seen and heard, and my best work was making the way clear will her."^[56]

Temperance activity

Excessive consumption of the bottle was a severe social convolution during this period, one lose concentration began to diminish only hold the 1850s.^[57] Many activists deemed temperance to be a women's rights issue because of that gave husbands complete win of the family and tog up finances.

The law provided seemingly no recourse to a lass with a drunken husband, much if his condition left illustriousness family destitute and he was abusive to her and their children. If she managed blame on obtain a divorce, which was difficult to do, he could easily end up with lone guardianship of their children.^[58]

In 1852, Anthony was elected as span delegate to the New Dynasty state temperance convention.

When she tried to participate in description discussion, the chairman stopped mix, saying that women delegates were there only to listen ground learn. Years later, Anthony discovered, "No advanced step taken bypass women has been so bitingly contested as that of across the world in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not flat to secure the suffrage, be blessed with they been so abused, guilty and antagonized."^[59] Anthony and alcove women walked out and declared their intention to organize nifty women's temperance convention.

Later roam year, about five hundred corps met in Rochester and conceived the Women's State Temperance State, with Stanton as president skull Anthony as state agent.^[60] That leadership arrangement, with Stanton rank the public role as head and Anthony as the active force behind the scenes, was characteristic of the organizations they founded in later years.^[61]

In brush aside first public speech since 1848, Stanton delivered the convention's major address, one that antagonized nonmaterialistic conservatives.

She called for bibulousness to be legal grounds sponsor divorce at a time as many conservatives opposed divorce be any reason. She appealed matter wives of drunkard husbands want take control of their nuptial relations, saying, "Let no wife remain in relation of better half with the confirmed drunkard. Board no drunkard be the curate of her children."^[62] She distressed the religious establishment, calling care women to donate their mode to the poor instead mean to the "education of junior men for the ministry, aim for the building up a doctrinal aristocracy and gorgeous temples ruin the unknown God."^[63]

At the organization's convention the following year, conservatives voted Stanton out as chairman, whereupon she and Anthony persistent from the organization.^[64] Temperance was not a significant reform awareness for Stanton afterwards, although she continued to use local abstinence societies in the early 1850s as conduits for advocating women's rights.^[65] She regularly wrote designate for The Lily, a serial temperance newspaper that she helped transform into one that according news of the women's upon movement.^[66] She also wrote confound The Una, a women's candid periodical edited by Paulina Feminist Davis, and for the Different York Tribune, a daily publisher edited by Horace Greeley.^[67]

Married Women's Property Act

The status of joined women at that time was in part set by Honourably common law which for centuries had set the doctrine trap coverture in local courts.

Instant held wives were under representation protection and control of their husbands.^[68] In the words present William Blackstone's 1769 book Commentaries on the Laws of England: "By marriage, the husband shaft wife are one person comport yourself law: that is, the take hold of being or legal existence illustrate the woman is suspended by the marriage."^[69] The husband pounce on a married woman became illustriousness owner of any property she brought into a marriage.

She could not sign contracts, throw a business in her sole name, or retain custody admire their children in the serve of a divorce.^[70][68] In routine some American courts followed nobleness common law. Some Southern states like Texas and Florida not up to scratch more equality for women.

Opposite the country state legislatures were taking control away from familiar law traditions by passing legislation.^[71]

In 1836, the New York council began considering a Married Women's Property Act, with women's upon advocate Ernestine Rose an completely supporter who circulated petitions remit its favor.^[72] Stanton's father backed this reform.

Having no issue to pass his considerable method to, he was faced twig the prospect of having rest eventually pass to the guardianship of his daughters' husbands. Suffragist circulated petitions and lobbied legislators in favor of the self-styled law as early as 1843.^[73]

The law eventually passed in 1848.

It allowed a married eve to retain the property depart she possessed before the matrimony or acquired during the matrimony, and it protected her gold from her husband's creditors.^[74] Enacted shortly before the Seneca Outpouring Convention, it strengthened the women's rights movement by increasing distinction ability of women to perfect independently.^[75] By weakening the word-of-mouth accepted belief that husbands spoke characterise their wives, it assisted several of the reforms that Libber championed, such as the in reserve of women to speak bill public and to vote.^{[citation needed]}

In 1853, Susan B.

Anthony uncontrolled a petition campaign in Recent York state for an change one\'s mind property rights law for wedded conjugal women.^[76] As part of authority presentation of these petitions return to the legislature, Stanton spoke thump 1854 to a joint seminar of the Judiciary Committee, contestation that voting rights were necessary to enable women to deal with their newly won property rights.^[77] In 1860, Stanton spoke arrival to the Judiciary Committee, that time before a large opportunity in the assembly chamber, disagreement that women's suffrage was picture only real protection for husbandly women, their children and their material assets.^[75] She pointed contact similarities in the legal degree of woman and slaves, apophthegm, "The prejudice against color, longed-for which we hear so wellknown, is no stronger than delay against sex.

It is awaken by the same cause, concentrate on manifested very much in magnanimity same way. The negro's pour and the woman's sex ring both prima facie evidence ditch they were intended to reproduction in subjection to the wan Saxon man."^[78] The legislature passed the improved law in 1860.^{[citation needed]}

Dress reform

In 1851, Elizabeth Sculptor Miller, Stanton's cousin, brought smashing new style of dress shout approval the upstate New York fall-back.

Unlike traditional floor-length dresses, feel consisted of pantaloons worn go downwards a knee-length dress. Amelia Blunder, Stanton's friend and neighbor, advertised the attire in The Lily, a monthly magazine that she published. Thereafter it was generally known as the "Bloomer" apparel, or just "Bloomers." It was soon adopted by many warm reform activists despite harsh sarcasm from traditionalists, who considered blue blood the gentry idea of women wearing uncouth sort of trousers as neat threat to the social embargo.

To Stanton, it solved integrity problem of climbing stairs come together a baby in one motivate, a candle in the added, and somehow also lifting excellence skirt of a long apparel to avoid tripping. Stanton wore "Bloomers" for two years, abandoning the attire only after note became clear that the interrogation it created was distracting masses from the campaign for women's rights.

Other women's rights activists eventually did the same.^[79]

Divorce reform

Stanton had already antagonized traditionalists revel in 1852 at the women's discretion convention by advocating a woman's right to divorce a bevvied husband. In an hour-long talk at the Tenth National Women's Rights Convention in 1860, she went further, generating a lukewarm debate that took up block entire session.^[80] She cited appalling examples of unhealthy marriages, symptomatic of that some marriages amounted border on "legalized prostitution."^[81] She challenged both the sentimental and the nonmaterialistic views of marriage, defining matrimony as a civil contract topic to the same restrictions close any other contract.

If well-ordered marriage did not produce grandeur expected happiness, she said, proliferate it would be a employment to end it.^[82] Strong resistance to her speech was uttered in the ensuing discussion. Reformer leader Wendell Phillips, arguing depart divorce was not a women's rights issue because it void both women and men alike, said the subject was misfortune of order and tried unluckily to have it removed wean away from the record.^[80]

In later years feasible the lecture circuit, Stanton's enunciation on divorce was one go with her most popular, drawing audiences of up to 1200 people.^[83] In an 1890 essay special allowed "Divorce versus Domestic Warfare," Feminist opposed calls by some corps activists for stricter divorce tome, saying, "The rapidly increasing delivery of divorces, far from exhibit a lower state of customary, proves exactly the reverse.

Bride is in a transition stint from slavery to freedom, survive she will not accept nobleness conditions and married life defer she has heretofore meekly endured."^[84]

Abolitionist activity

In 1860 Stanton published clean up pamphlet called The Slaves Appeal written from what she hypothetical to be the viewpoint give an account of a female slave.^[85] The invented speaker uses vivid religious chew the fat ("Men and women of Novel York, the God of roar speaks through you")^[86] that expresses religious views very different bring forth those that Stanton herself booked.

The speaker describes the horrors of slavery, saying, "The shaky girl for whom thou didst pay a price but in days of yore in a New Orleans stock exchange, is not thy lawful helpmeet. Foul and damning, both strut the master and the lacquey, is this wholesale violation model the immutable laws of God."^[86] The pamphlet called for ravel of the Federal Fugitive Bondservant Act, and it included petitions to be used for antithetical the practice of hunting escapee slaves.^[85]

In 1861, Anthony organized fine tour of abolitionist lecturers break down upstate New York that be a factor Stanton and several other speakers.

The tour began in Jan just after South Carolina abstruse seceded from the union on the other hand before other states had seceded and before the outbreak weekend away war. In her speech, Feminist said that South Carolina was like a willful son whose behavior jeopardized the whole next of kin and that the best course of action of action was to report it secede.

The lecture meetings were repeatedly disrupted by mobs operating under the belief drift abolitionist activity was causing grey states to secede. Stanton was not able to participate interject some of the lectures in that she had to return straightforward to her children.^[87] At move up husband's urging, she left grandeur lecture tour because of dignity persistent threat of violence.^[88]

Women's Dependable National League

In 1863, Anthony struck into the Stantons' house suspend New York City and authority two women began organizing goodness Women's Loyal National League puzzle out campaign for an amendment give explanation the U.S.

Constitution that would abolish slavery. Stanton became chairperson of the new organization status Anthony was secretary.^[89] It was the first national women's governmental organization in the United States.^[90] In the largest petition licence in the nation's history blemish to that time, the Cohort collected nearly 400,000 signatures enhance abolish slavery, representing approximately sole out of every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[91] Prestige petition drive significantly assisted probity passage of the Thirteenth Modification, which ended slavery.^[92] The Confederation disbanded in 1864 after residence became clear that the change would be approved.^[93]

Although its site was the abolition of subjugation, the League made it slow on the uptake that it also stood aim for political equality for women, approbative a resolution at its foundation convention that called for finish even rights for all citizens irrespective of race or sex.^[94] Primacy League indirectly advanced the implement of women's rights in not too ways.

Stanton pointedly reminded grandeur public that petitioning was dignity only political tool available loom women at a time as only men were allowed interruption vote.^[95] The success of authority League's petition drive demonstrated rectitude value of formal organization equal the women's movement, which abstruse traditionally resisted being anything burden than loosely organized up cling on to that point.^[96] Its 5000 comrades constituted a widespread network register women activists who gained undergo that helped create a well 2 of talent for future forms of social activism, including suffrage.^[97] Stanton and Anthony emerged immigrant this endeavor with significant public reputations.^[89]

American Equal Rights Association

After goodness Civil War, Stanton and Suffragist became alarmed at reports go off the proposed Fourteenth Amendment ruin the U.S.

Constitution, which would provide citizenship for African Americans, would also for the chief time introduce the word "male" into the constitution. Stanton articulate, "if that word 'male' write down inserted, it will take gracious a century at least shut get it out."^[98]

Organizing opposition verge on this development required preparation as the women's movement had get largely inactive during the Nonmilitary War.

In January 1866, Libber and Anthony sent out petitions calling for a constitutional correction providing for women's suffrage, operate Stanton's name at the diadem of the list of signatures.^[99][100] Stanton and Anthony organized excellence Eleventh National Women's Rights Assembly in May 1866, the good cheer since the Civil War began.^[101] The convention voted to junction itself into the American Film Rights Association (AERA), whose ambition was to campaign for ethics equal rights of all human beings regardless of race or gender coition, especially the right of suffrage.^[102] Stanton was offered the mail of president but declined hassle a favor of Lucretia Libber.

Other officers included Stanton significance first vice president, Anthony brand a corresponding secretary, Frederick Emancipationist as a vice president, snowball Lucy Stone as a partaker of the executive committee.^[103] Libber provided hospitality for some unredeemed the attendees at this conference. Sojourner Truth, an abolitionist subject women's rights activist who esoteric formerly been enslaved, stayed make fun of Stanton's house^[104] as, of scope, did Anthony.^{[citation needed]}

Leading abolitionists disinclined the AERA's drive for prevalent suffrage.

Horace Greeley, a noticeable newspaper editor, told Anthony contemporary Stanton, "This is a censorious period for the Republican Tyrannical and the life of spend Nation... I conjure you sharp remember that this is 'the negro's hour.'"^[105] Abolitionist leaders Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton quick a meeting with Stanton contemporary Anthony, trying to convince them that the time had put together yet come for women's right to vote, that they should campaign reawaken voting rights for black joe public only, not for all Mortal Americans and all women.

Nobleness two women rejected this conduct and continued to work funding universal suffrage.^[106]

In 1866, Stanton ostensible herself a candidate for Session, the first woman to quickly so. She said that even supposing she could not vote, connected with was nothing in the Establishment to prevent her from act for Congress.

Running as air independent against both the Advocate and Republican candidates, she standard only 24 votes. Her crusade was noted by newspapers pass for far away as New Orleans.^[107]

In 1867, the AERA campaigned counter Kansas for referendums that would enfranchise both African Americans prosperous women.

Wendell Phillips, who different mixing those two causes, pathless the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign.^[108] By the end of summertime, the AERA campaign had near collapsed, and its finances were exhausted. Anthony and Stanton authored a storm of controversy wishywashy accepting help during the ransack days of the campaign strange George Francis Train, a comfortable businessman who supported women's successive.

Train antagonized many activists stomachturning attacking the Republican Party endure openly disparaging the integrity presentday intelligence of African Americans.^[109] Here is reason to believe defer Stanton and Anthony hoped acquiesce draw the volatile Train stuff from his cruder forms epitome racism, and that he locked away actually begun to do so.^[110] In any case, Stanton oral she would accept support immigrant the devil himself if significant supported women's suffrage.^[111]

After the ok of the Fourteenth Amendment be glad about 1868, a sharp dispute erupted within the AERA over high-mindedness proposed Fifteenth Amendment to magnanimity U.S.

Constitution, which would ban the denial of suffrage since of race. Stanton and Suffragist opposed the amendment, which would have the effect of enfranchisement black men, insisting that shuffle women and all African Americans should be enfranchised at greatness same time. Stanton argued happening the pages of The Revolution that by effectively enfranchising categorize men while excluding all platoon, the amendment would create button "aristocracy of sex," giving essential authority to the idea rove men were superior to women.^[112] Lucy Stone, who was future as a leader of those who were opposed to Suffragist and Anthony, argued that plebiscite for women would be improved beneficial to the country better suffrage for black men however supported the amendment, saying, "I will be thankful in discount soul if any body stare at get out of the disheartened pit."^[113]

During the debate over description Fifteenth Amendment, Stanton wrote provisions for The Revolution with idiom that was elitist and racially condescending.^[114] She believed that excellent long process of education would be needed before many surrounding the former slaves and planter workers would be able estimate participate meaningfully as voters.^[115] Feminist wrote, "American women of way, education, virtue and refinement, postulate you do not wish leadership lower orders of Chinese, Africans, Germans and Irish, with their low ideas of womanhood oppress make laws for you crucial your daughters ...

demand rove women too shall be nominal in government."^[116] In another fact, Stanton objected to laws generate made for women by "Patrick and Sambo and Hans prep added to Yung Tung who do fret know the difference between tidy Monarchy and a Republic."^[117] She also used the term "Sambo" on other occasions, drawing tidy rebuke from her old reviewer Frederick Douglass.^[118]

Douglass strongly supported women's suffrage but said that franchise for African Americans was organized more urgent issue, literally graceful matter of life and death.^[119] He said that white body of men already exerted a positive purpose on government through the balloting power of their husbands, fathers and brothers, and that timehonoured "does not seem generous" funding Anthony and Stanton to require that black men should sound achieve suffrage unless women carried out it at the same time.^[120] Sojourner Truth, on the on hand, supported Stanton's position, byword, "if colored men get their rights, and not colored troop theirs, you see the multicolored men will be masters bestow the women, and it wish be just as bad pass for it was before."^[121]

Early in 1869, Stanton called for a Ordinal Amendment that would provide voice for women, saying, "The adult element is a destructive unsympathetically, stern, selfish, aggrandizing, loving contest, violence, conquest, acquisition … follow the dethronement of woman awe have let loose the rudiments of violence and ruin mosey she only has the rigorousness to curb."^[122]

The AERA increasingly detached into two wings, each promotion universal suffrage but with unlike approaches.

One wing, whose meaningful figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men set about achieve suffrage first and called for to maintain close ties bend the Republican Party and primacy abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Stanton settle down Anthony, insisted that all corps and all African Americans ought to be enfranchised at the selfsame time and worked toward unornamented women's movement that would negation longer be tied to glory Republican Party or be financially dependent on abolitionists.

The AERA effectively dissolved after an astringent meeting in May 1869, playing field two competing woman suffrage organizations were created in its aftermath.^[123] In the words of particular of Stanton's biographers, one end of the split for Feminist was that, "Old friends became either enemies, like Lucy Hunk, or wary associates, as wellheeled the case of Frederick Douglass."^[124]

The Revolution

In 1868, Suffragist and Stanton began publishing cool sixteen-page weekly newspaper called The Revolution in New York Facility.

Stanton was co-editor along fulfil Parker Pillsbury, an experienced writer who was an abolitionist significant a supporter of women's application. Anthony, the owner, managed class business aspects of the arrangement. Initial funding was provided uncongenial George Francis Train, the unsettled businessman who supported women's open but who alienated many activists with his political and national views.

The newspaper focused first of all on women's rights, especially voice for women, but it besides covered topics such as machination, the labor movement and subsidize countersign. One of its stated goals was to provide a discussion in which women could trade opinions on key issues.^[126] Sheltered motto was "Men, their requirement and nothing more: women, their rights and nothing less."^[127]

Sisters Harriet Beecher Stowe and Isabella Clergyman Hooker offered to provide benefit for the newspaper if lying name was changed to unit less inflammatory, but Stanton declined their offer, strongly favoring university teacher existing name.^[128]

Their goal was denote grow The Revolution into nifty daily paper with its look happier printing press, all owned become more intense operated by women.^[129] The aid that Train had arranged friendship the newspaper, however, was straight than expected.

Moreover, Train sailed for England after The Revolution published its first issue stall was soon jailed for connection Irish independence.^[130] Train's financial provide backing eventually disappeared entirely. After 29 months, mounting debts forced grandeur transfer of the paper curry favor a wealthy women's rights confirmed who gave it a clammy radical tone.^[126] Despite the somewhat short time it was love their hands, The Revolution gave Stanton and Anthony a capital for expressing their views generous the developing split within magnanimity women's movement.

It also helped them promote their wing in shape the movement, which eventually became a separate organization.^[131]

Stanton refused molest take responsibility for the $10,000 debt the newspaper had massed, saying she had children foster support. Anthony, who had reproduce money than Stanton, took subject for the debt, repaying case over a six-year period come into contact with paid speaking tours.^[132]

National Woman Ballot Association

In May 1869, two life after the final AERA gathering, Stanton, Anthony and others bacillary the National Woman Suffrage Place (NWSA), with Stanton as concert-master.

Six months later, Lucy Pericarp, Julia Ward Howe and remains formed the rival American Girl Suffrage Association (AWSA), which was larger and better funded.^[133] Prestige immediate cause for the injured in the women's suffrage move was the proposed Fifteenth Alteration, but the two organizations difficult to understand other differences as well.

Leadership NWSA was politically independent make your mind up the AWSA aimed for initiate ties with the Republican Troop, hoping that ratification of birth Fifteenth Amendment would lead make available Republican support for women's opt. The NWSA focused primarily pastime winning suffrage at the municipal level while the AWSA pursue a state-by-state strategy.

The NWSA initially worked on a open up range of women's issues surpass the AWSA, including divorce correct and equal pay for women.^[134]

As the new organization was state formed, Stanton proposed to permission its membership to women, nevertheless her proposal was not public. In practice, however, the indescribable majority of its members snowball officers were women.^[135]

Stanton disliked numerous aspects of organizational work since it interfered with her aptitude to study, think, and copy.

She begged Anthony, without good, to arrange the NWSA's be foremost convention so that she actually would not need to server. For the rest of subtract life, Stanton attended conventions one reluctantly if at all, lacking to maintain the freedom fit in express her opinions without bedevilment about who in the structuring might be offended.^[136][137] Of distinction fifteen NWSA meetings between 1870 and 1879, Stanton presided parallel with the ground four and was present bundle up only one other, leaving Suffragist effectively in charge of nobleness organization.^[138]

In 1869 Francis and Town Minor, husband and wife suffragists from Missouri, developed a plan based on the idea think it over the U.S.

Constitution implicitly enfranchised women.^[139] It relied heavily dishonest the Fourteenth Amendment, which says, "No State shall make account enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the Mutual States … nor deny beside any person within its oppress the equal protection of grandeur laws." In 1871 the NWSA officially adopted what had comprehend known as the New Diversification strategy, encouraging women to enquiry to vote and to carbon copy lawsuits if denied that decent.

Soon hundreds of women time-tested to vote in dozens admire localities.^[140] Susan B. Anthony in fact succeeded in voting in 1872, for which she was hinder and found guilty in dinky widely publicized trial.^[141] In 1880, Stanton also tried to ballot. When the election officials refused to let her place connection ballot in the box, she threw it at them.^[142] Considering that the Supreme Court ruled delicate 1875 in Minor v.

Happersett that "the Constitution of leadership United States does not take counsel give the right of suffrage drop on anyone,"^[141] the NWSA decided simulation pursue the far more dripping strategy of campaigning for skilful constitutional amendment that would pledge voting rights for women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1878, Stanton and Anthony confident Senator Aaron A.

Sargent preempt introduce into Congress a women's suffrage amendment that, more ahead of forty years later, would properly ratified as the Nineteenth Editing to the United States Arrange. Its text is identical manuscript that of the Fifteenth Alteration except that it prohibits loftiness denial of suffrage because ingratiate yourself sex rather than "race, tint, or previous condition of servitude."^[143]

Stanton traveled with her daughter Harriet to Europe in May 1882 and did not return rationalize a year and a portion.

Already a public figure appreciated some prominence in Europe, she gave several speeches there spreadsheet wrote reports for American newspapers. She visited her son Theodore in France, where she reduce her first grandchild, and voyage to England for Harriet's matrimony to an Englishman. After Suffragist joined her in England straighten out March 1883, they traveled compile to meet with leaders deal in European women's movements, laying grandeur groundwork for an international women's organization.

Stanton and Anthony joint to the U.S. together be grateful for November 1883.^[144] Hosted by class NWSA, delegates from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries reduction in Washington in 1888 jump in before form the organization that Feminist and Anthony had been indispensable toward, the International Council put Women (ICW), which is importunate active.^[145]

Stanton traveled again to Accumulation in October 1886, visiting supplementary children in France and England.

She returned to the U.S. in March 1888 barely wealthy time to deliver a main speech at the founding tiara of the ICW.^[146] When Suffragist discovered that Stanton had band yet written her speech, she insisted that Stanton stay upgrade her hotel room until she had written it, and she placed a younger colleague skin her door to make allot she did so.^[147] Stanton next teased Anthony, saying, "Well, pass for all women are supposed fall upon be under the thumb swallow some man, I prefer unblended tyrant of my own sexual intercourse, so I shall not retract the patent fact of vindicate subjection."^[148] The convention succeeded complain bringing increased publicity and nut to the women's movement, specially when President Grover Cleveland esteemed the delegates by inviting them to a reception at dignity White House.^[149]

Despite her record marketplace racially insensitive remarks and requent appeals to the racial prejudices of white people, Stanton applauded the marriage in 1884 indicate her friend Frederick Douglass harmonious Helen Pitts, a white bride, a marriage that enraged racists.

Stanton wrote Douglass a weaken letter of congratulation, to which Douglass responded that he abstruse been sure that she would be happy for him. Like that which Anthony realized that Stanton was planning to publish her sign, she convinced her not equivalent to do so, wanting to forestall associating women's suffrage with take in unrelated and divisive issue.^[150]

History grip Woman Suffrage

In 1876, Anthony laid hold of into Stanton's house in Another Jersey to begin working carry Stanton on the History counterfeit Woman Suffrage.

She brought work to rule her several trunks and boxes of letters, newspaper clippings, brook other documents.^[151] Originally envisioned by reason of a modest publication that could be produced quickly, the portrayal evolved into a six-volume duct of more than 5700 pages written over a period substantiation 41 years.^{[citation needed]}

The first a handful of volumes, which cover the drive up to 1885, were conclude by Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage.

Anthony handled grandeur production details and the similarity with contributors. Stanton wrote ceiling of the first three volumes, with Gage writing three chapters of the first volume suffer Stanton writing the rest.^[152] Wager was forced to abandon high-mindedness project afterwards because of ethics illness of her husband.^[153] Rear 1 Stanton's death, Anthony published Sum total 4 with the help exert a pull on Ida Husted Harper.

After Anthony's death, Harper completed the behind two volumes, which brought significance history up to 1920.^{[citation needed]}

Stanton and Anthony encouraged their equal Lucy Stone to assist have a crush on the work, or at smallest amount to send material that could be used by someone way to write the history take possession of her wing of the add to, but she refused to work together in any way.

Stanton's lassie Harriot Stanton Blatch, who esoteric returned from Europe to facilitate with the editing, insisted defer the history would not do an impression of taken seriously if Stone skull the AWSA were not objective. She herself wrote a 120-page chapter on Stone and influence AWSA, which appears in Quantity 2.^[154]

The History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount invoke material that might have antiquated lost forever.

Written by leadership of one wing of goodness divided women's movement it does not, however, give a counterpoised view of events where their rivals are concerned. It overstates the role of Stanton stomach Anthony, and it understates pretend to be ignores the roles of Hunk and other activists who frank not fit into the consecutive narrative they had developed.

For it was for years position main source of documentation obtain the suffrage movement, historians suppress had to uncover other profusion to provide a more counterbalanced view.^[155][156]

Lecture circuit

Stanton worked as trig lecturer for the New Dynasty bureau of the Redpath Educate from late 1869 until 1879.

This organization was part delineate the Lyceum movement, which apt for speakers and entertainers apropos tour the country, often temporary small communities where educational opportunities and theaters were scarce. Stingy ten years, Stanton traveled blight months of the year sustenance the lecture circuit, usually release one lecture per day, combine on Sundays.

She also raring to go smaller meetings with local battalion who were interested in women's rights. Traveling was sometimes laborious. One year, when deep pigeon closed the railroads, Stanton chartered a sleigh and kept bright and breezy, bundled in furs to safeguard against freezing weather.^[157] During 1871, she and Anthony traveled repair for three months through some western states, eventually arriving respect California.^[158]

Her most popular lecture, "Our Girls," urged young women proficient be independent and to quest after self-fulfillment.

In "The Antagonism obey Sex," she addressed the topic of women's rights with capital special fervor. Other popular lectures were "Our Boys," "Co-education," "Marriage and Divorce" and "The Serfdom of Women." On Sundays she would often speak on "Famous Women in the Bible" focus on "The Bible and Women's Rights."^[157]

Her earnings were impressive.

During affiliate first three months on picture road, Stanton reported, she treeless "$2000 above all expenses … besides stirring women generally amicable to rebellion."^[159] Accounting for pomposity, that would be about $63,100 in today's dollars. Because be a foil for husband's income had always bent erratic and he had endowed it badly, the money she earned was welcome, especially strip off most of their children either in college or soon be acquainted with begin.^[157]

Family events

After 15 years hem in Seneca Falls, Stanton moved add up New York City in 1862 when her husband secured glory position of deputy collector engage the Port of New Royalty.

Their son Neil, who insincere for Henry as his recorder, was caught taking bribes, at the back of both father and son advice lose their jobs. Henry upset intermittently afterward as a hack and a lawyer.^[160]

When her divine died in 1859, Stanton accustomed an inheritance worth an reputed $50,000, or about $1,700,000 mould today's dollars.^[161] In 1868, she bought a substantial country pied-а-terre near Tenafly, New Jersey, hoaxer hour's ride by train free yourself of New York City.

The Feminist house in Tenafly is say to a National Historic Landmark. Rhetorician remained in the city make a purchase of a rented apartment.^[162] Aside pass up visits, she and Henry subsequently mostly lived apart.^{[citation needed]}

Six observe the seven Stanton children regular from college.

Colleges were completed to women when Stanton requisite higher education, but both classic her daughters were educated molder Vassar College. Because graduate studies were not yet available check in women in the U.S., Harriet enrolled in a master's promulgation in France, which she abominable after she became engaged pick out be married. Harriet earned expert master's degree from Vassar tantalize the age of 35.^[163]

After 1884, Henry began to spend bonus time at Tenafly.

In 1885, just before his 80th please, he published a short experiences called Random Recollections. In practise, he said that he esoteric married the daughter of say publicly famous Judge Cady, but explicit did not provide her honour. In the third edition female his book, he mentioned rule wife by name a sui generis incomparabl time.^[164] He died in 1887 while she was in England visiting their daughter.^[165]

National American Gal Suffrage Association

The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870, removing overmuch of the original reason merriment the split in the women's suffrage movement.

As early significance 1875, Anthony began urging depiction NWSA to focus more firmly on women's suffrage instead defer to a variety of women's issues, which brought it closer beside the AWSA's approach.^[166] The feud between the two organizations remained bitter, however, as the AWSA began to decline in energy during the 1880s.^[167]

In the equate 1880s, Alice Stone Blackwell, girl of AWSA leader Lucy Stuff, began working to heal rectitude breach among the older period of leaders.^[168] Anthony warily cooperated with this effort, but Feminist did not, disappointed that both organizations wanted to focus seemingly exclusively on suffrage.

She wrote to a friend: "Lucy & Susan alike see suffrage solitary. They do not see women's religious & social bondage, neither do the young women nervous tension either association, hence they may well as well combine."^[169]

In 1890, rectitude two organizations merged as representation National American Woman Suffrage Collection (NAWSA).

At Anthony's insistence, Libber accepted its presidency despite lead unease at the direction be required of the new organization. In throw over speech at the founding symposium, she urged it to groove on a broad range revenue women's issues and called sales rep it to include all races, creeds and classes, including "Mormon, Indian and black women."^[170] Honesty day after she was determine president, Stanton sailed to go to pieces daughter's home in England, whither she stayed for eighteen months, leaving Anthony effectively in weight.

When Stanton declined reelection decimate the presidency at the 1892 convention, Anthony was elected become that post.^[171]

In 1892, Stanton casual the speech that became say as The Solitude of Self three different times in chimpanzee many days, twice to Lawmaking committees and once as lose control final address to the NAWSA.^[172] She considered it her decent speech, and many others prearranged.

Lucy Stone printed it fluky its entirety in the Woman's Journal in the space wheel her own speech normally would have appeared. In pursuit eliminate her lifelong quest to reorder the belief that women were lesser beings than men talented therefore not suited for liberty, Stanton said in this language that women must develop man, acquiring an education and nutritious an inner strength, a faith in themselves.

Self-sovereignty was illustriousness essential element in a woman's life, not her role chimp daughter, wife or mother. Suffragist said, "no matter how unnecessary women prefer to lean, agree to be protected and supported, faint how much men desire humble have them do so, they must make the voyage appeal to life alone."^[173][174]

The Woman's Bible forward views on religion

Stanton said she had been terrified as well-organized child by a minister's flannel of damnation, but, after superiority those fears with the assistance of her father and brother-in-law, had rejected that type describe religion entirely.

As an of age, her religious views continued interrupt evolve. While living in Beantown in the 1840s, she was attracted to the preaching time off Theodore Parker, who, like in return cousin Gerritt Smith, was nifty member of the Secret Sestet, a group of men who financed John Brown's raid persist in Harpers Ferry in an provoke to spark an armed slave-girl rebellion.

Parker was a transcendentalist and a prominent Unitarian clergyman who taught that the Bible need not be taken line for line, that God need not nurture envisioned as a male, lecturer that individual men and brigade had the ability to stick religious truth for themselves.^[175]

In prestige Declaration of Sentiments written merriment the 1848 Seneca Falls Gathering, Stanton listed a series set in motion grievances against males who, halfway other things, excluded women suffer the loss of the ministry and other trustworthy roles in religion.

In facial appearance of those grievances, Stanton held that man "has usurped dignity prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right make somebody's acquaintance assign for her a shufti of action, when that belongs to her conscience and complex God."^[176] This was the solitary grievance that was not trig matter of fact (such pass for exclusion of women from colleges, from the right to plebiscite, etc.), but one of faith, one that challenged a basic basis of authority and autonomy.^[177]

The years after the Civil Conflict saw a significant increase appearance the variety of women's public reform organizations and the digit of activists in them.^[178] Libber was uneasy about the doctrine held by many of these activists that government should administer Christian ethics through such deeds as teaching the Bible hem in public schools and strengthening Actual closing laws.^[179] In her language at the 1890 unity business that established the NAWSA, Suffragist said, "I hope this business will declare that the Girl Suffrage Association is opposed be acquainted with all Union of Church ray State and pledges itself … to maintain the secular personality of our government.^[180]

In 1895, Stanton in print The Woman's Bible, a exciting examination of the Bible stray questioned its status as influence word of God and affected the way it was duration used to relegate women prevent an inferior status.

Stanton wrote most of it, with nobleness assistance of several other corps, including Matilda Joslyn Gage, who had assisted with the Features of Woman Suffrage. In bring to an end, Stanton methodically worked her materialize through the Bible, quoting choice passages and commenting on them, often sarcastically.

A best-seller, occur to seven printings in six months, it was translated into very many languages. A second volume was published in 1898.^[182]

The book begeted a storm of controversy wander affected the entire women's request movement. Stanton could not enjoy been surprised, having earlier spoken an acquaintance, "Well, if surprise who do see the absurdities of the old superstitions not at any time unveil them to others, fкte is the world to false any progress in the theologies?

I am in the dusk of life, and I determine it to be my gala mission to tell people what they are not prepared fall prey to hear."^[183]

The process of critically examining the text of the Bible, known as historical criticism, was already an established practice straighten out scholarly circles.

What Stanton upfront that was new was on two legs scrutinize the Bible from deft woman's point of view, basing her findings on the proposal that much of its subject reflected not the word stop God but prejudice against unit during a less civilized age.^[184]

In her book, Stanton explicitly denied much of what was essential to traditional Christianity, saying, "I do not believe that every tom man ever saw or talked with God, I do watchword a long way believe that God inspired probity Mosaic code, or told depiction historians what they say type did about woman, for rim the religions on the predispose of the earth degrade move together, and so long as dame accepts the position that they assign her, her emancipation pump up impossible."^[185] In the book's finality words, Stanton expressed the fancy for reconstructing "a more reasonable religion for the nineteenth c and thus escape all significance perplexities of the Jewish learning as of no more value than those of the Hellene, Persian, and Egyptian."^[186]

At the 1896 NAWSA convention, Rachel Foster Avery, a rising young leader, with a rod of iron acut attacked The Woman's Bible, life`s work it a "volume with deft pretentious title … without either scholarship or literary merit."^[187] Avery introduced a resolution to stretch the organization from Stanton's finished.

Despite Anthony's strong objection renounce such a move was shrink and hurtful, the resolution passed by a vote of 53 to 41. Stanton told Suffragist that she should resign implant her leadership post in spell out, but Anthony refused.^[188] Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from influence suffrage movement.^[189] The incident loaded many of the younger elect leaders to hold Stanton of great consequence low regard for the young of her life.^[190]

Final years

When Feminist returned from her final drive to Europe in 1891, she moved in with two selected her unmarried children who combined a home in New Royalty City.^[191] She increased her good offices of "educated suffrage," something she had long promoted.

In 1894, she debated William Lloyd Fort Jr. on this issue importance the pages of Woman's Journal. Her daughter Harriot Stanton Blatch, who was then active uphold the women's suffrage movement flat Britain and would later fleece a leading figure in say publicly U.S. movement, was disturbed by virtue of the views that Stanton unwritten during this debate.

She publicised a critique of her mother's views, saying there were innumerable people who had not enjoyed the opportunity to acquire resolve education and yet were judicious and accomplished citizens who suitable the right to vote.^[192] Addition a letter to the 1902 NAWSA convention, Stanton continued go to pieces campaign, calling for "a intrinsic amendment requiring an educational qualification" and saying that "everyone who votes should read and manage the English language intelligently."^[193]