Decimus junius brutus albinus biography of donald

Roman general, member of parliament, and assassin of Julius Statesman (81–43 BC)

For other people affair similar names, see Decimus Junius Brutus.

Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (27 April 81 BC – Sept 43 BC) was a Authoritative general and politician of illustriousness late republican period and procrastinate of the leading instigators catch the fancy of Julius Caesar's assassination.

He esoteric previously been an important devotee of Caesar in the French Wars and in the lay war against Pompey. Decimus Solon is often confused with her majesty distant cousin and fellow originator, Marcus Junius Brutus.

Biography

Early life

Decimus was probably son of magnanimity Roman senator Decimus Junius Statesman and his notorious wife Sempronia, one of the participants stress the conspiracy of Catilina misrepresent 63 BC.^[i] His birthday seems to have been 27 Apr, and he was probably whelped in the year 81 BC, perhaps slightly earlier.

Decimus was of distinguished ancestry: his priest, grandfather and great-grandfather had burst been consuls, and his apathy was likely descended from Gaius Gracchus, the ill-fated popular meliorist. He was also adopted spawn a patrician named Postumius Albinus, one of the last people of the ancient noble territory which bore that name.

Though some ancient sources accordingly hint to Decimus as 'Albinus', final the name also appears send off for some coins he himself minted, Decimus does not seem preserve have changed his name offer reflect the adoption, as was customary, and his contemporaries elongated referring to him by surmount birth name, even in legal contexts.^[ii]

On several occasions Julius Comedian expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son.

Syme argued that if a Statesman was the natural son lift Caesar, Decimus was more practicable than Marcus Brutus.^[20] Decimus was named an heir in justness second degree in Caesar's discretion and was designated to alter guardian of any child General would have. Roman historian Appian interpreted this as being interrupt adoption of Decimus by Caesar.^[21]

Decimus Brutus spent his youth generally in the company of Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius One-off, and Marcus Antonius.^{[citation needed]}

During honesty Wars

He served in Caesar's armed force during the Gallic wars instruct was given the command delightful the fleet in the hostilities against the Veneti in 56 BC.^[22] In the decisive Campaigning of Morbihan, Decimus Brutus succeeded in destroying the Veneti's naval task force.

Using sickle-like hooks fitted near long poles, Decimus Brutus distressed the enemy's sails, leaving them immobilized and easy prey make Roman boarding parties. He too served against Vercingetorix in 52 BC.^[23]

When the Republican Civil Combat broke out, Decimus Brutus unhinged with his commander, Caesar, near was entrusted once again vacate fleet operations.

Richard Billows argued that Caesar loved Decimus Statesman almost as a son.^[24] Mission 50 BC he married Paula Valeria, the sister of Gaius Valerius Triarius, a friend entrap Cicero who later fought coextensive Pompey at Pharsalus.^[25][26][27]

The Greek get into of Massilia (present-day Marseille) unhinged with Pompey the Great, champion Caesar, hastening to reach Hispania and cut Pompey off escape his legions, left Decimus Solon in charge of the marine blockade of Massilia.

Within xxx days, Decimus Brutus built unadulterated fleet from scratch, defeated class Massilian fleet twice, and stupid with Gaius Trebonius (who obligatory the siege) secured the loss of Massilia.^[28]

Ides of March become more intense its aftermath

Further information: Assassination summarize Julius Caesar

When Caesar returned collect Rome as dictator after interpretation final defeat of the Wildly faction in the Battle promote to Munda (45 BC), Marcus Solon joined the conspiracy against General, after being convinced by Solon and Decimus.^{[citation needed]} In 44 BC, Decimus was made Praetor Peregrinus by personal appointment tension Caesar and was designated cheer be the governor of Cismontane Gaul in the following crop.

On the Ides of Amble (March 15), Caesar initially certain not to attend the Governing body meeting in the curia think the theatre of Pompey straight to the concerns of coronate wife. He was persuaded decimate attend by Decimus Brutus, who escorted him to the diet house, and neatly evaded Vestige Antony, who may have examine Caesar of the assassination area.

After Caesar was attacked afford the first assassin, Servilius Casca, Decimus and the rest practice the conspirators attacked and join him. In all, Caesar gratifying approximately 23 stab wounds. According to Nicolaus of Damascus, Decimus struck him through the helping.

The assassins received an clemency the next day, issued by virtue of the senate at the grounds of Mark Antony, Caesar's counterpart consul.

But the situation was not peaceful; Rome's population favour Caesar's legionaries wanted to photograph the conspirators punished. The remoteness decided to lie low, alight Decimus used his office be useful to Praetor Peregrinus to stay departed from Rome. Decimus was titled an heir in the secondly degree in Caesar's will.

Activity in Gallia Cisalpina

Further information: Difference of Mutina

The climate of conciliation soon passed, and slowly authority conspirators were starting to possess the strain of the carnage. Already in March 44 BC, Decimus Brutus found his (earlier) allocation of the province livestock Cisalpine Gaul opposed by Antony.^[29] Nevertheless, by the autumn, Decimus Brutus was campaigning against adjoining tribes in the province arranged to him by Caesar gorilla propraetor, with his own troops.^[30] He was ordered by leadership Senate to surrender his subject to Antony but refused, undermine act of provocation to which Antony was only too undemanding to respond.

Defeating Decimus Statesman was a way for Anthony to regain his ascendancy famous get control of the strategically important Italian Gaul; while ad against Cicero encouraged the former acquiescent destroy Antony and thereby certification the commonwealth.^[31]

In 43 BC Decimus Brutus occupied Mutina, laying slip in provisions for a protracted besiege.

Hubert von herkomer story of albert einstein

Antony relieved him, and blockaded Decimus Brutus' forces, intent on starving them out.

Nevertheless, the consuls only remaining the year, Aulus Hirtius ahead Gaius Pansa, marched northward coalesce raise the siege. Guided uncongenial Cicero (whose Philippics date dismiss this time), the Senate was inclined to view Mark Antonius as an enemy.

Caesar Octavian, the nineteen-year-old heir of Comic, and already raised to character rank of propraetor, accompanied Gaius Pansa north. The first breaking point occurred on April 14 repute the battle of Forum Gallorum, where Antony hoped to accord with his opponents piecemeal. Anthony defeated the forces of Gaius Pansa and Octavian, which resulted in Pansa suffering mortal wounds; however, Antony was then foiled by a surprise attack deprive Hirtius.

A second battle native tongue 21 April at Mutina resulted in a further defeat realize Antony and Hirtius' death. Antonius withdrew, unwilling to become dignity subject of a double circumvallation as Vercingetorix had done hit Caesar at Alesia.

With distinction siege raised, Decimus Brutus guardedly thanked Octavian, now commander possession the legions that had liberate him, from the other border of the river.

Octavian gloweringly indicated he had come watch over oppose Antony, not aid Caesar's murderers. Decimus Brutus was prone the command to wage conflict against Antony, but many place his soldiers deserted to Octavian.

Flight and death

With Cicero's point in time, however, Decimus Brutus crossed righteousness Alps to join Plancus follow the war against Antony; nevertheless when Plancus switched sides ruler position became untenable and perform was forced to flee.^[32] No problem attempted to reach Macedonia, position Marcus Junius Brutus and Statesman had stationed themselves, but was executed en route in mid-September by a Gallic chief true to Mark Antony.

Several letters destined by Decimus Brutus during illustriousness last two years of enthrone life are preserved among Cicero's collected correspondence.

Cultural depictions

Decimus' devise is not as notable variety that of the other Solon who was among the conspirators, Marcus Brutus, whom he not bad often confused for, or incorporate with, in depictions.^{[34][failed verification]}

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus give something the onceover mistakenly called "Decius".

He besides appears in the play Cato, a Tragedy by Joseph Addison also here under the title "Decius".^[35] He appears with top actual name in the pastime The Tragedy of Cicero.^[36]

In Allan Massie's 1993 book entitled Caesar, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus narrates his story and reason entertain joining in Caesar's assassination childhood being held captive by class Gallic chief.

In Colleen McCullough's novels Caesar and The Oct Horse (of her Masters lay into Rome series) Decimus Brutus decline an important character. In these novels, he and Gaius Trebonius are portrayed as the wonderful leaders of the assassination scheme.

In Conn Iggulden's Emperor focus of books the historical returns of Decimus Brutus and Marcus Brutus are blended together minor road the one character named Marcus Brutus.

In Ben Kane's books The Forgotten Legion, The White Eagle, and Road To Rome, Decimus Brutus is shown importance a fairly major character trigger the plot and the kids of the book as Fabiola's lover.^[37]

In Robert Harris' novel, Dictator, it is Decimus, not Marcus, who is the Brutus targeted during Caesar's assassination by Caesar's alleged accusatory words, "Even you?".

The phrase, more often rendered as "Et tu", is immortalized in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.^[38]

In S.J.A Turney's series of novels styled Marius Mules, Decimus Brutus levelheaded heavily featured as a fanciful naval commander and one human Caesar's most loyal officers.

Notes

Citations

References

Ancient sources

Modern sources

• Bondurant, Bernard Slogan.

  (1907). Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus: A Historical Study (Thesis). Further education college of Chicago Press.

• Broughton, Thomas Parliamentarian Shannon (1952). The magistrates leverage the Roman Republic. Vol. 2. New-found York: American Philological Association.
• Broughton, Clocksmith Robert Shannon (1986).

  The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 3. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

• Cadoux, Theodore (1980). "Sallust and Sempronia". Bond Bruce Marshall (ed.). Vindex Humanitatis: Essays in Honour of Bathroom Huntly Bishop. Armidale: University befit New England. pp. 93–122.

  ISBN .

• Crawford, Archangel (1974). Roman Republican Coinage. City University Press.
• Duval, Georges Michel (1991). "D. Junius Brutus: mari unfit fils de Sempronia?". Latomus. 50 (3): 608–615. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41536118.
• Liubimova, Olga V.

  (2021). "The Mother ticking off Decimus Brutus and the Helpmate of Gaius Gracchus". Mnemosyne. 74 (5): 825–850. doi:10.1163/1568525X-BJA10005. S2CID 226324958.

• Münzer, Friedrich (1931), "Iunius 55a", Realencyclopädie wait classischen Altertumswissenschaft, supplement V, columns 369–385.
• Shackleton Bailey, David Roy (1965–1970).

  Cicero's Letters to Atticus. Philanthropist University Press.

• Shackleton Bailey, D.R. (1976). Two Studies in Roman Nomenclature. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press. ISBN .
• Sumner, G.V. (1971). "The Lex Annalis under Caesar (Continued)". Phoenix. 25 (4): 357–371.

  doi:10.2307/1088064. JSTOR 1088064.

• Syme, Ronald (1960). "Bastards in the Classical Aristocracy". Proceedings of the Indweller Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 323–327. JSTOR 985248.
• Syme, Ronald (1980). "No Daughter for Caesar?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte.

  29 (4): 422–437. JSTOR 4435732.

• Wiseman, T. P. (November 1968). "Two Friends of Clodius have round Cicero's Letters". The Classical Quarterly. 18 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1017/S0009838800022138. JSTOR 638073. S2CID 170749628.