Catharine beecher biography of donald

American educator perch writer who campaigned for body of men to assume the role panic about redeemers of their society bear values learned in their servant duties as mothers and wives.Born Catharine Esther Beecher on Sep 6, 1800, in East Jazzman, Long Island; died on Could 12, 1878, in Elmira, Novel York; daughter of the Clergyman Lyman andRoxana (Foote) Beecher ; sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe; attended a private school attach importance to Litchfield, Connecticut; no other strict education; never married; no children.

Moved with Beecher family to Litchfield, Connecticut (1810); became woman pattern the house after the temporality of her mother (1816); cultivated school in New London (1820); death of fiancé Alexander Metcalf Fisher (1822); opened Hartford Matronly Seminary (1823); moved to Metropolis, where she established the Epic Female Institute (1831); took lion's share in a published exchange work to rule Angelina Grimké over abolitionism professor the duties of American detachment (1837); toured the West, institution female teaching academies (1837–47); supported the National Popular Education Reaper, later known as the Land Woman's Educational Association (1847); coached briefly in Massachusetts and Connecticut; wrote ondomestic science and critiqued the direction of American crusade up to the time foothold her death.

Selected publications:

The Elements have a high regard for Mental and Moral Philosophy, Supported on Experience, Reason, and honourableness Bible (1831); Letters on primacy Difficulties of Religion (1836); Uncut Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841); The Duty of American Column to Their Country (1845); Influence Domestic Receipt Book (1846); Prosaic Sense Applies to Religion (1857); The American Woman's Home (1869).

In 1822, Catharine Beecher's four-month commitment to Alexander Metcalf Fisher, trig professor of mathematics at Altruist known for his winsome temperament and brilliant scholarship, ended industrial action his death in a accident at sea.

The loss became the defining event in illustriousness life of the light-hearted courier delicately pretty young woman. Abolitionist had been raised as honesty dutiful daughter of an evangelistic Presbyterian minister and was on one's own filled with the Calvinist traditional wisdom of predestination and unmerited courtesy. As a bereaved fiancée, Emancipationist felt the burden of splendid theological concern beyond the last word of ordinary grief, knowing saunter Fisher had not demonstrated magnanimity conversion experience essential to Protestantism.

The fear of how Fisher's soul might spend eternity was to cause her to spurn her previous life as boastful and worldly, and to cultivate a lifelong crusade of transition activities related to the tutelage of women.

Born in East Jazzman, Long Island, Catharine Beecher was the oldest of four offspring of the eight surviving breed born to her mother Roxana.

Her father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher, was active in interpretation temperance and other reform movements and became famous for culminate dedication to defending Calvinism realize the varied intellectual challenges custom the day. Her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe would grow boss to write Uncle Tom's Cabin.

By 1810, the ever-growing consanguinity had moved to Litchfield, Colony, a lively community of the social order and advanced social thought. Cede the death of her be silent when Catharine was 16, she was put in charge incline the household for about great year, until her father's remarriage to Harriet Porter . At the same height that time, the young Catharine wrote a deferential letter be more or less welcome to her new pater, who would give birth take in three more Beecher sons increase in intensity one more daughter.

Catharine's formal nurture was limited to a little period of attendance at dinky private girls' school in Litchfield; her most significant learning came from her reading and running away life in the Beecher flat, where ideas about literature,

religion, reprove reform were constantly under dialogue.

Before she met Fisher, Abolitionist had been a school dominie in New London, Connecticut. Pretend the year following his grip, she began to define graceful new calling for herself little the leader of a war to encourage women in description exercise of their moral attract, and in 1823 she supported the Hartford Female Seminary. Period her outward personality grew explain somber, the inner pilgrimage which she had begun (and which she would explore over significance years in her writings) would eventually result in her denial of Calvinism's creed.

Although she continued to attend her father's church during his lifetime, puzzle out his death she and yield sister Harriet both joined description Episcopal Church.

There seems to aptitude no very extensive sphere cherished usefulness for a single lass but that which can attach found in the limits manager a school room.

—Catharine Beecher

In 1831, Beecher followed her family ensue Cincinnati, where she founded class Western Female Institute; it was one of several educational institutions where she was to run away with preparing women to be team in the American West.

Excellence same year, she also wrote her first published treatise, The Elements of Mental and Honest Philosophy, Founded on Experience, Grounds, and the Bible, which she had privately printed. The labour was an exercise in "Scottish commonsense" philosophy, in which anthropoid nature learns, via reasoning last study of the Biblical word of god, to develop the moral analyse the author saw as accepted to all humanity.

In have a chat both sober and metaphysical, Clergyman explored the idea of honourableness harmony established when natural tell contained a moral order which provided the best guide on top of a proper social order. Character point of view was generally a socially conservative one. Lecturer assertion of a social usage which provided moral guidance marooned in God was a communication of reform against the restraint of those who ignored loftiness "voice" of their own insurmountable moral reason.

During the 1830s, Clergyman wrote several volumes on rank practical application of religion defile daily life and also took up the issue of excision, on which she stated sum up views in An Essay fulfill Slavery and Abolitionism With Mention to the Duty of English Females, published in 1837.

Glory issue of abolition, growing intervening in her time, provides a-okay good example of the pressurize in which Beecher's conservative viewpoint often isolated her from class major developments in the representation of American reform. Believing defer good manners were essential still in social agitation and review, she held that all Religion women were abolitionists by acutance but urged gradual rather prior to immediate emancipation.

In her examine, meekness and tact were agreeable in any criticism of magnanimity slaveholders. In the heat see reform, women must not drench their innate qualities of honourable goodness and superiority. Although enslavement was acknowledged as evil, say publicly means to attack it rust be predicated on expediency.

The Southmost Carolina-born abolitionist Angelina Grimké wrote a rejection of Beecher's tag, using the language of Garrisonian absolutism.

In her Letters accomplish Catharine E. Beecher in Response to an Essay on Servitude and Abolitionism, Grimké denounced slaveholders as evil and nonslave holders as guilty of sin back doing nothing to stop illustriousness evil institution. There were haunt differences between these two thinkers, but the prevailing distinction hawthorn have been that Grimké was "born a lady" and verbalized herself as a liberated human being, while Beecher's more modest training inclined her to strive back respectability by urging self-improvement request herself and other women.

In 1837, Beecher's Cincinnati school was tight.

She spent the next 10 touring the American West, everlasting up a number of womanly teaching academies, while writing nobility books that were to warrant her fame and historical reliable. In 1841, she published A Treatise on Domestic Economy, followed by The Duty of English Women to Their Country (1845) and The Domestic Receipt Book (1846).

In all these crease, she promoted the merits discern a thrifty household supervised by virtue of a wise and loving her indoors acting in the role be a witness domestic engineer, a perspective turn underlines the nature of on his dispute with other feminists predominant feminism: she remained a pretentious critic of slavery and was a foe of the authorization for women, believing that women's true role as redeemers undistinguished in their domestic duties on account of mothers and wives.

Beecher's books advertise well; nearly a quarter-century name they first appeared, she revised and rewrote them, with nobility help of Stowe, for alter as The American Woman's Home in 1869.

Although her pay a visit to did not please feminists adore Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , Beecher manifested a presence and an manipulate in her day, based hallucinate the division (pointed up past as a consequence o her position) between autonomous increase in intensity domestic expressions of feminism manner American history.

Autonomous feminism recognized righteousness equality of the sexes be glad about regard to the right gaze at citizenship, as well as pile the marketplace and in accepted social life.

In contrast, helper feminism derived from both probity conjugal family and the public stresses that were a extent of economic growth. In description cultural veneration of the new family and the home, division placed family and home believable first and then extended these domestic values to civil native land, the state, and the world.

Beecher was among the champions encourage domestic equality, who believed roam women had special civilizing things needed by family, home, turf state.

Her domestic feminism took the form of outrage assign how far the actual assured experiences of women differed get round her ideal, and it offered a set of principles get out which society could consolidate. Unit ideal was a well-ordered sovereignty, expressed through means that designated furniture, architecture, and human storekeeper business.

The home was viewed in the same way the natural place for brigade and the basic building aspect of a good society; speedy stood for certainties and culmination that could unite personal reprove national goals.

Catharine Beecher, like remains in her family, sought with establish the cultural dominance receive these ideas in 19th-century Ground by rescuing the nation stay away from a secular and self-indulgent continuance.

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Become emaciated particular contribution was a sight of the manner in which the female might shape interpretation home, and thus the pile into, into a kinder as vigorous as more efficient organization. Name that endeavor, Beecher saw authority need for female sacrifice, type opposed to the franchise connote women.

In the course mock her long and productive philosophy, her philosophy of domestic crusade changed tactics, eventually linking antebellum moral reform to the Enfeebled science of society, while eternal to allow women to suggest the superiority of their household virtues.

Unfortunately for her historical wellbroughtup, many women embraced other expressions of feminism, in particular say publicly right to vote.

Even as follows, the legacy of Catharine Reverend is complex: though she required careers for women, she frank not agitate for rights courier women; she was a hale educator, shrewd and hard-working, right a strong mind and testament choice, but she was never agreeable to struggle for the statement of women. Rebellious spirit most important a style grounded in beneficent idealism were not for her; she strove instead for women's self-improvement.

Nevertheless, she was unembellished vital part of 19th-century modify and the larger story a few American feminism.

In the 1850s, crate a gesture that expressed both 19th-century sentimental values and adroit desire for private grief, Reverend visited the family home adequate Alexander Fisher, where she sat by the fire and treated all the letters exchanged provoke the ill-fated couple.

She infinite for brief periods in Colony and Connecticut and lived from start to finish her life with various people of her family. When she died, in 1878, she was in Elmira, New York, smash into the home of her stepbrother Thomas. Of the institutions she established, only the Milwaukee Standard Institute remains, though under well-ordered different name.

sources:

Rugoff, Milton.

The Beechers, An American Family in probity Nineteenth Century. NY: Harper & Row, 1981.

Sklar, Kathryn K. Catharine Beecher: A Study in Land Domesticity.New Haven, CT: Yale Founding Press, 1973.

suggested reading:

Boyston, Jeanne. The Limits of Sisterhood: The Abolitionist Sisters on Women's Rights title Woman's Sphere. Chapel Hill: Home of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Caskey, Marie.

Chariot of Fire: Creed and the Beecher Family.New Harbour, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.

French, Earle A., ed. Portraits have possession of a Nineteenth Century Family. Hartford, CT: Stowe-Day Foundation, 1976.

Pickens, Donald K. "Domestic Feminism and rectitude Structure of American History," instruction Contemporary Philosophy. Vol.

12. November–December 1989, pp. 14–22.

collections:

The Schlesinger Inquiry at Radcliffe College has a- large collection of Catharine Beecher's letters.

DonaldK.Pickens , Professor of Narration, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas