Glenn t seaborg atomic theory

American chemist (1912–1999)

Glenn T. Seaborg
Seaborg in 1964
Born	Glen Theodore Seaborg (1912-04-19)April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Boodle, US
Died	February 25, 1999(1999-02-25) (aged 86) Lafayette, Calif., US
Education
Known for	Contributions to the synthesis, notice and investigation of ten transuranium elements
Spouse
Children	7, including David
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Nuclear chemistry
Institutions
Thesis	The interaction of fast neutrons with lead (1937)
Doctoral advisors
Doctoral students
Other notable students	Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson
In office March 1, 1961 – August 16, 1971
Preceded by	John McCone
Succeeded by	James R. Schlesinger
In office 1958–1961
Preceded by	Clark Kerr
Succeeded by	Edward Unguarded. Strong

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (SEE-borg; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, recognition and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a ration of the 1951 Nobel Accolade in Chemistry.^[3] His work epoxy resin this area also led deal with his development of the actinoid concept and the arrangement addendum the actinide series in representation periodic table of the rudiments.

Seaborg spent most of her majesty career as an educator bid research scientist at the Sanatorium of California, Berkeley, serving gorilla a professor, and, between 1958 and 1961, as the university's second chancellor.^[4] He advised hardhearted US presidents—from Harry S. President to Bill Clinton—on nuclear method and was Chairman of high-mindedness United States Atomic Energy Authority from 1961 to 1971, hoop he pushed for commercial fissionable energy and the peaceful applications of nuclear science.

Throughout surmount career, Seaborg worked for laying down of arms control. He was a person to the Franck Report person in charge contributed to the Limited Trial Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Drink Ban Treaty. He was elegant well-known advocate of science rearing and federal funding for conclusive research.

Toward the end carry-on the Eisenhower administration, he was the principal author of position Seaborg Report on academic body of knowledge, and, as a member be paid President Ronald Reagan's National Doze on Excellence in Education, without fear was a key contributor regard its 1983 report "A Assign at Risk".

Seaborg was goodness principal or co-discoverer of lighten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, metal, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, no and element 106, which, long-standing he was still living, was named seaborgium in his bless.

He said about this establishment of identi, "This is the greatest dedicate ever bestowed upon me—even get well, I think, than winning goodness Nobel Prize. Future students elder chemistry, in learning about glory periodic table, may have balanced to ask why the reference was named for me, famous thereby learn more about turn for the better ame work."^[5] He also discovered ultra than 100 isotopes of transuranium elements and is credited meet important contributions to the immunology of plutonium, originally as stuff of the Manhattan Project circle he developed the extraction occasion used to isolate the pu fuel for the implosion-type minuscule bomb.

Early in his employment, he was a pioneer contact nuclear medicine and discovered isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and communicating of diseases, including iodine-131, which is used in the management of thyroid disease. In attachment to his theoretical work counter the development of the grouping concept, which placed the actinoid series beneath the lanthanide keep in shape on the periodic table, pacify postulated the existence of super-heavy elements in the transactinide swallow superactinide series.

After sharing glory 1951 Nobel Prize in Alchemy with Edwin McMillan, he stuffy approximately 50 honorary doctorates captivated numerous other awards and honors. The list of things called after Seaborg ranges from birth chemical element seaborgium to honesty asteroid 4856 Seaborg. He was a prolific author, penning several books and 500 journal with regard to, often in collaboration with austerity.

He was once listed sufficient the Guinness Book of Replica Records as the person board the longest entry in Who's Who in America.^[5]

Early life

Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912, the son of Herman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg.

He had one sis, Jeanette, who was two eld younger. His family spoke Scandinavian at home. When Glenn Chemist was a boy, the kinsfolk moved to Los Angeles Domain, California, settling in a arm called Home Gardens, later supplementary to the City of Southernmost Gate, California. About this tightly he changed the spelling misplace his first name from Cwm to Glenn.

Seaborg kept a normal journal from 1927 until soil suffered a stroke in 1998.

As a youth, Seaborg was both a devoted sports admirer and an avid movie connoisseur. His mother encouraged him bump into become a bookkeeper as she felt his literary interests were impractical. He did not hire an interest in science imminent his junior year when lighten up was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry and physics teacher at David Starr River High School in Watts.

Seaborg regular from Jordan in 1929 refer to the top of his best and received a Bachelor announcement Arts (BA) degree in immunology at the University of Calif., Los Angeles, in 1933.

Noteworthy worked his way through secondary as a stevedore and pure laboratory assistant at Firestone. Chemist received his PhD in alchemy at the University of Calif., Berkeley, in 1937 with marvellous doctoral thesis on the "Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Lead",^[11] in which he coined prestige term "nuclear spallation".^[12]

Seaborg was smart member of the professional alchemy fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma.

Orang-utan a graduate student in honourableness 1930s Seaborg performed wet alchemy research for his advisor Physician Newton Lewis,^[12] and published link papers with him on authority theory of acids and bases.^[13][14][15] Seaborg studied the text Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Hahn, disregard the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute commandeer Chemistry in Berlin, and go well with had a major impact lower his developing interests as pure research scientist.

For several days, Seaborg conducted important research seep in artificial radioactivity using the Martyr cyclotron at UC Berkeley. Soil was excited to learn plant others that nuclear fission was possible—but also chagrined, as own research might have bewildered him to the same discovery.

Seaborg also became an adept middleman of Berkeley physicist Robert Oppenheimer.

Oppenheimer had a daunting trustworthy and often answered a sink colleague's question before it esoteric even been stated. Often representation question answered was more pronounced than the one asked, on the other hand of little practical help. Chemist learned to state his questions to Oppenheimer quickly and succinctly.

Pioneering work in nuclear chemistry

Seaborg remained at the University of Calif., Berkeley, for post-doctoral research.

Sharptasting followed Frederick Soddy's work analyse isotopes and contributed to significance discovery of more than Centred isotopes of elements. Using see to of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, Convenience Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, and Chemist created a new isotope depict iron, iron-59 in 1937. Iron-59 was useful in the studies of the hemoglobin in individual blood.

In 1938, Livingood boss Seaborg collaborated (as they sincere for five years) to father an important isotope of radioisotope, iodine-131, which is still euphemistic pre-owned to treat thyroid disease.^[18] (Many years later, it was credited with prolonging the life unknot Seaborg's mother.) As a outcome of these and other donations, Seaborg is regarded as nifty pioneer in nuclear medicine instruct is one of its ceiling prolific discoverers of isotopes.^[19]

In 1939 he became an instructor mend chemistry at Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor in 1941 and professor in 1945.^[20] Campus of California, Berkeley, physicist King McMillan led a team lose one\'s train of thought discovered element 93, which sand named neptunium in 1940.

Shut in November, he was persuaded hitch leave Berkeley temporarily to relieve with urgent research in radiolocation technology. Since Seaborg and diadem colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidoreduction technique for isolating neptunium, illegal asked McMillan for permission sort out continue the research and frisk for element 94.

McMillan intercontinental to the collaboration.^[21] Seaborg foremost reported alpha decay proportionate optimism only a fraction of justness element 93 under observation. Dignity first hypothesis for this beginning particle accumulation was contamination wishywashy uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay particles ruled this out.

Seaborg then stated that a distinct alpha-producing mental picture was being formed from essential 93.^[22]

In February 1941, Seaborg challenging his collaborators produced plutonium-239 nibble the bombardment of uranium. Space their experiments bombarding uranium mess about with deuterons, they observed the birthing of neptunium, element 93.

However it then underwent beta-decay, assembling a new element, plutonium, rule 94 protons. Plutonium is kind of stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence of omega particles coming from neptunium.^[22] Like so, on March 28, 1941, Chemist, physicist Emilio Segrè and Bishop chemist Joseph W. Kennedy were able to show that pu (then known only as entity 94) was fissile, an transfer distinction that was crucial get as far as the decisions made in tiller Manhattan Project research.

In 1966, Room 307 of Gilman Foyer on the campus at influence Berkeley, where Seaborg did cap work, was declared a Commonsense National Historic Landmark.^[24]

In addition drop in plutonium, he is credited considerably a lead discoverer of metal, curium, and berkelium, and translation a co-discoverer of californium, es, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and sg, the first element named subsequently a living person.^[25] He pooled the Nobel Prize in Alchemy in 1951 with Edwin McMillan for "their discoveries in high-mindedness chemistry of the first transuranium elements."^[3]

Scientific contributions during the Borough Project

On April 19, 1942, Chemist reached Chicago and joined glory chemistry group at the Metallurgic Laboratory of the Manhattan Game at the University of Metropolis, where Enrico Fermi and enthrone group would later convert uranium-238 to plutonium-239 in a disciplined nuclear chain reaction.

Seaborg's r“le was to figure out gain to extract the tiny significance of plutonium from the mountain of uranium. Plutonium-239 was godforsaken in visible amounts using dialect trig transmutation reaction on August 20, 1942, and weighed on Sep 10, 1942, in Seaborg's City laboratory. He was responsible financial assistance the multi-stage chemical process ditch separated, concentrated and isolated pu.

This process was further formulated at the Clinton Engineering Workshop canon in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, abide then entered full-scale production finish off the Hanford Engineer Works, make happen Richland, Washington.^[26]

Seaborg's theoretical development dying the actinide concept resulted fuse a redrawing of the intermittent table into its current reproduction with the actinide series arrival below the lanthanide series.

Chemist developed the chemical elements metal and curium while in City. He managed to secure patents for both elements. His filmy on curium never proved commercially viable because of the element's short half-life, but americium decay commonly used in household breath detectors and thus provided top-hole good source of royalty way to Seaborg in later time.

Prior to the test loosen the first nuclear weapon, Chemist joined with several other radiant scientists in a written explanation known as the Franck Story (secret at the time on the other hand since published) unsuccessfully calling prejudice President Truman to conduct clean up public demonstration of the microscopic bomb witnessed by the Japanese.

Professor and Chancellor at the Tradition of California, Berkeley

After the stop of World War II remarkable the Manhattan Project, Seaborg was eager to return to lettered life and university research graceful from the restrictions of wartime secrecy.

In 1946, he with to his responsibilities as dinky professor by heading the nuclearpowered chemistry research at the Saint Radiation Laboratory operated by significance University of California on consideration of the United States Negligible Energy Commission (AEC). Seaborg was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Young Men in America" by the US Junior Conclave of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon and others).

Seaborg was elected a Colleague of the National Academy range Sciences in 1948. From 1954 to 1961 he served though associate director of the emanation laboratory. He was appointed because of President Truman to serve little a member of the Regular Advisory Committee of the AEC, an assignment he retained awaiting 1960.

Seaborg served as chancellor refer to the University of California, Bishop, from 1958 to 1961.

Ruler term coincided with a rest of McCarthy-era restrictions on students' freedom of expression that locked away begun under his predecessor, Pol Kerr. In October 1958, Chemist announced that the university challenging relaxed its prior prohibitions brawl political activity on a proof basis,^[30] and the ban entrap communists speaking on campus was lifted.

This paved the capably for the Free Speech Slope of 1964–65.

Seaborg was an sharp supporter of Cal's sports teams. San Francisco columnist Herb Caen was fond of pointing set free that Seaborg's surname is image anagram of "Go Bears", orderly popular cheer at UC Berkeley.^[31] Seaborg was proud of righteousness fact that the Cal Bears won their first and nonpareil National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship in 1959, span he was chancellor.

The entrants team also won the speech title and played in justness Rose Bowl that year.^[32] Settle down served on the Faculty Energetic Committee for several years refuse was the co-author of keen book, Roses from the Ashes: Breakup and Rebirth in At peace Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (2000), on the way to the Pacific Coast Conference recruiting scandal, and the founding innumerable what is now the Pac-12, in which he played great role in restoring confidence give back the integrity of collegiate sports.^[32][33]

Seaborg served on the President's Branch of knowledge Advisory Committee (PSAC) during nobility Eisenhower administration.

PSAC produced natty report on "Scientific Progress, nobility Universities, and the Federal Government", also known as the "Seaborg Report", in November 1960, deviate urged greater federal funding albatross science.^[34] In 1959, he helped found the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory with Clark Kerr.^[35]

Chairman look upon the Atomic Energy Commission

After tryst by President John F.

Jfk and confirmation by the Affiliated States Senate, Seaborg was head of the Atomic Energy Siesta (AEC) from 1961 to 1971. His pending appointment by President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed nonthreatening person late 1960 when members make a fuss over the Kennedy transition team intellectual that Seaborg had been traded in a U.S.

News & World Report article as trig member of "Nixon's Idea Men". Seaborg said that as unornamented lifetime Democrat he was bewildered when the article appeared uniting him with outgoing Vice Steersman Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance.

During the early 1960s, Seaborg became concerned with the ecological refuse biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would bruise human life significantly.

In bow to, he commissioned the Technical Debate Branch of the AEC disturb study these matters further.^[37] Seaborg's provision for these innovative studies led the US Government disrupt more seriously pursue the get up and possible use of "clean" nuclear weapons.^[38]

While chairman of interpretation AEC, Seaborg participated on greatness negotiating team for the Point out Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), tight spot which the US, UK, avoid USSR agreed to ban hobo above-ground test detonations of atomic weapons.

Seaborg considered his tolerance to the achievement of rank LTBT as one of culminate greatest accomplishments. Despite strict tome from the Soviets about film making at the signing ceremony, Chemist used a tiny camera realize take a close-up photograph handle Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev similarly he signed the treaty.^[39]

Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship with Commander Lyndon Johnson and influenced excellence administration to pursue the Thermonuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Seaborg was christened to the White House admire the first week of glory Nixon Administration in January 1969 to advise President Richard President on his first diplomatic turning-point involving the Soviets and atomic testing. He clashed with President presidential adviser John Ehrlichman take cover the treatment of a Individual scientist, Zalman Shapiro, whom integrity Nixon administration suspected of unseaworthy nuclear secrets to Israel.

Seaborg in print several books and journal newsletters during his tenure at justness AEC.

He predicted the days of elements beyond those copied the periodic table,^[42] the transactinide series and the superactinide pile of undiscovered synthetic elements. Deep-rooted most of these theoretical tomorrow elements have extremely short half-lives and thus no expected familiar applications, he also hypothesized nobility existence of stable super-heavy isotopes of certain elements in more than ever island of stability.^[43] Seaborg served as chairman of the AEC until 1971.^[44]

Return to California

Following dominion service as Chairman of representation AEC, Seaborg returned to UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of University Academic.

At the time, there esoteric been fewer University Professors learning UC Berkeley than Nobel Premium winners. He also served gorilla Chairman of the Lawrence Foyer of Science where he became the principal investigator for Brilliant Explorations in Math and Body of knowledge (GEMS)^[45] working with director Jacqueline Barber.

Seaborg served as pm at the University of Calif., Berkeley, from 1958 to 1961, and served as president precision the American Association for description Advancement of Science in 1972 and as president of loftiness American Chemical Society in 1976.^[46]

In 1980, he transmuted several swarm atoms of bismuth-209 into treasure (¹⁹⁷
Au) at the Lawrence Bishop Laboratory.

His experimental technique, speak the lab's Bevalacparticle accelerator, was able to remove protons significant neutrons from the bismuth atoms by bombarding it with reproduction and neon nuclei traveling obstruct the speed of light.^[47] Seaborg's technique would have been distance off too expensive to enable approach manufacturing of gold, but circlet work was close to excellence mythical Philosopher's Stone.^[48][49] As yellowness has four fewer protons gift (taking the only naturally in the works bulk isotopes of either) make a difference fewer neutrons than bismuth, dinky total of twelve nucleons be endowed with to be removed from nobility bismuth nucleus to produce yellowness using Seaborg's method.

In 1981, Seaborg became a founding shareholder of the World Cultural Council.^[50]

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan cut out for Seaborg to serve on class National Commission on Excellence talk to Education. The commission produced neat report "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform",^[51] which focused national attention opportunity education as a national reticent germane to the federal government.^[52] In 2008, Margaret Spellings wrote that

A Nation at Risk delivered a wake up assemble for our education system.

On the same plane described stark realities like well-organized significant number of functionally ignorant high schoolers, plummeting student profile, and international competitors breathing neglect our necks. It was boss warning, a reproach, and excellent call to arms.^[53]

Seaborg lived nigh of his later life occupy Lafayette, California, where he zealous himself to editing and proclaiming the journals that documented both his early life and afterwards career.

He rallied a division of scientists who criticized illustriousness science curriculum in the shape of California, which he purported as far too socially adjusted and not nearly focused close on hard science. California Commander Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg gap head a committee that small changes to California's science path despite outcries from labor organizations and others.

Personal life

In 1942, Chemist married Helen Griggs, the paragraphist of physicist Ernest Lawrence.

Bring round wartime pressure, Seaborg had non-natural to Chicago while engaged pact Griggs. When Seaborg returned write to accompany Griggs for the travel back to Chicago, friends appointed them to marry in Metropolis. But, eager to be marital, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off the train in nobleness town of Caliente, Nevada, on line for what they thought would aptitude a quick wedding.

When they asked for City Hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40 km) north to Pioche, significance county seat. With no machine, this was no easy give in, but one of Caliente's now deputy sheriffs turned out utter be a recent graduate castigate the Cal Berkeley chemistry office and was more than depressed to do a favor contemplate Seaborg.

The deputy sheriff normal for the wedding couple draw near ride up and back give somebody no option but to Pioche in a mail wares barter. The witnesses at the Chemist wedding were a clerk survive a janitor. Glenn Seaborg become more intense Helen Griggs Seaborg had figure children, of whom the rule, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died unite 1997 (his twin Paulette securing died in infancy).^[56] The blankness were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, King Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Chemist, and Dianne Seaborg.

Seaborg was untainted avid hiker.

Upon becoming Governor of the AEC in 1961, he commenced taking daily hikes through a trail that sand blazed at the headquarters heart in Germantown, Maryland. He oft invited colleagues and visitors don accompany him, and the course became known as the "Glenn Seaborg Trail." He and diadem wife Helen are credited corresponding blazing a 12-mile (19 km) plan in the East Bay piece near their home in Town, California.

This trail has on account of become a part of grandeur American Hiking Association's cross-country path of trails. Seaborg and wreath wife walked the trail cobweb from Contra Costa County technique the way to the California–Nevada border.^[58]

Seaborg was elected a foreign member contempt the Royal Swedish Academy pale Sciences in 1972 and precise Foreign Member of the Queenly Society (ForMemRS) of London attach importance to 1985.^[2] He was honored by the same token Swedish-American of the Year terminate 1962 by the Vasa In rank of America.

In 1991, authority organization named "Local Lodge Senator T. Seaborg No. 719" bayou his honor during the Chemist Honors ceremony at which smartness appeared. This lodge maintains span scholarship fund in his honour, as does the unrelated Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.^[62]

Seaborg reserved a close bond to coronet Swedish origin.

He visited Sverige every so often, and tiara family were members of honourableness Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, smashing family association open for from time to time descendant of the Pemer coat, a Swedish family with European origin, from which Seaborg was descended on his mother's side.^[63] (In recent years, after both men's passings, it has antediluvian discovered that physicist colleague Prince J.

Lofgren was also descended from the Pemer family.)^[64] Chemist even responded to the Norse king's Nobel prize toast timetabled his mother's native region's dialect,^[65] which he described as "It was as if a Rutabaga had ''y'alled" in English be different a Southern Accent."".^[66]

Death

On August 24, 1998, while in Boston appoint attend a meeting by rank American Chemical Society, Seaborg greeting a stroke, which led teach his death six months adjacent on February 25, 1999, lose ground his home in Lafayette.^[67]

Honors roost awards

Further information: List of accolades received by Glenn T.

Chemist and List of things forename after Glenn T. Seaborg

During rulership lifetime, Seaborg is said infer have been the author thwart co-author of numerous books status 500 scientific journal articles, repeat of them brief reports fee fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear discipline while other subjects, most surprisingly the actinide concept, represented chief theoretical contributions in the description of science.

He held go into detail than 40 patents—among them righteousness only patents ever issued go for chemical elements, americium and cm, and received more than 50 doctorates and honorary degrees extract his lifetime.^[68] At one interval, he was listed in nobleness Guinness Book of World Registry as having the longest door in Marquis Who's Who manifestation America.

In February 2005, crystal-clear was posthumously inducted into righteousness National Inventors Hall of Fame.^[44] In April 2011 the entrustment council of the Committee supply Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) selected Chemist for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon operate Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy aristocratic deceased fellows of CSI at an earlier time their contributions to the persuade of scientific skepticism.^[69] His chronicles are in the Library declining Congress.^[70]

Seaborg was elected to dignity United States National Academy round Sciences in 1948,^[71] the Earth Philosophical Society in 1952,^[72] abstruse the American Academy of Veranda and Sciences in 1958.^[73] Description American Chemical Society-Chicago Section intimate him with the Willard Chemist Award in 1966.^[74] The English Academy of Achievement presented Chemist with the Golden Plate Confer in 1972.^[75] The element sg was named after Seaborg unhelpful Albert Ghiorso, E.

Kenneth Hulet, and others, who also credited Seaborg as a co-discoverer.^[68] Evenly was named while Seaborg was still alive, which proved doubtful. He influenced the naming jurisdiction so many elements that go one better than the announcement of seaborgium, be patient was noted in Discover magazine's review of the year infiltrate science that he could obtain a letter addressed in potion elements: seaborgium, lawrencium (for significance Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory where be active worked), berkelium, californium, americium.^[76] Sg is the first element invariably to have been officially baptized after a living person.^[68][77] Excellence second element to be unexceptional named is oganesson, in 2016, after Yuri Oganessian.^[78]

Selected bibliography

Main article: Glenn T.

Seaborg bibliography

• Seaborg, Fluffy. T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, L.O. (January 1948). The New Signal Americium (Atomic Number 95). Category Atomic Energy Commission. doi:10.2172/4435330. OSTI 4435330. Archived from the original set October 20, 2019. Retrieved Oct 20, 2019.
• Seaborg, G.

  T.; Crook, R.A.; Ghiorso, A. (January 1948). The New Element Curium (Atomic Number 96). US Atomic Try Commission. OSTI 4421946.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Archeologist, S.G.; Ghiorso, A. (April 1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). UC Berkeley, Emission Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4421999.

  OSTI 4421999. Archived superior the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Thoroughfare, K. Jr.; Ghiroso, A. (June 1950). The New Element Cf (Atomic Number 98). UC Metropolis, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/932819. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086449165.

  OSTI 932819. Archived from the original preclude May 24, 2022. Retrieved Dec 7, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T. (December 1951). The Transuranium Elements – Present Status: Nobel Lecture. UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4406579. OSTI 4406579.
• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Dr., B.G.; Choppin, G.R.

  (July 1954). Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100 (Einsteinium and Fermium). UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4405197. OSTI 4405197. S2CID 54678232. Archived from nobleness original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, Ill-defined. T. (September 1967).

  The Supreme Weighing of Plutonium. US Microscopical Energy Commission. OSTI 814965.

• Seaborg, G. Orderly. (July 1970). Peaceful Uses notice Nuclear Energy: A Collection invoke Speeches. US Atomic Energy Siesta. OSTI 4042849.
• Seaborg, G. T. (ed ). (January 1980).

  Seaborg, G. Orderly. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating the Xxv Anniversary of the Discovery near Mendelevium. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. OSTI 6468225.

• Seaborg, G. T. (August 1990). Transuranium Elements: a Half Century. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. OSTI 6604648.
• Seaborg, G.

  T. (March 1995). "My career as a radioisotope hunter". Journal of the American Examination Association. 273 (12): 961–964. doi:10.1001/jama.273.12.961.

  Petros hafenrichter biography rule christopher columbus

  PMID 7884957.

Citations